1. On page 247 of your textbook, the authors write, "Aristotle saw, in addition to the appeals to reason [logos] and to emotion [pathos], a third form of persuasion – the appeal to the speaker`s character." This and the two questions that follow, deal with this third form of persuasion, which Aristotle called ethos.



INSTRUCTIONS: Re-read the headnote to Charles L. Lawrence III`s "On Racist Speech" (page 71), focusing on the publishing history. Then answer the question:



What do the publications mentioned in the headnote – both the publication in which "On Racist Speech" was originally published and the publication in which a longer version of the article appeared – lead you to expect from the writer in terms of tone (formal? informal?), vocabulary (general? specialized?), level of difficulty (low? high? somewhere in between?), subject matter, etc.? Would you expect their to be significant differences between the two versions, or would you expect them to be essentially the same?



2. Re-read the first three paragraphs of "On Racist Speech" (71-72).



How does what he talks about in this passage, in which he describes his evolving and somewhat conflicted view of the campus free-speech issue, serve to enhance his ethos (authority, credibility) in the eyes of the reader?



3 Re-read the first three paragraphs of Lawrence`s article one more time and, based on what you have just read, answer the following question:



On what shared assumptions or experiences does Lawrence rest his hope that he will be able to persuade the reader to take his point of view on racist speech?



4 Re-read one-time Harvard University president Derek Bok`s newspaper opinion piece "Protecting Freedom of Expression on Campus."



When it comes to dealing with controversial or potentially offensive speech on campus, what does Bok recommend be done about it? Do you agree? If so, why? If not, why not?



5 Paragraph 11 of Bok`s article reads, "I suspect that no community will become humane and caring by restricting what its members can say. The worst offenders will simply find other ways to irritate and insult."

Do you agree? If so, why? If not, why not?